keluarga Windows

Microsoft adalah pengeluar Sistem pengoperasian yang terkenal sejak dahulu lagi. Disamping itu juga ia menjadi pilihan masyarakat untuk di jadikan OS dalam komputer peribadi mereka kerana, antara muka pengguna yang mudah digunakan serta icon yang mesra pengguna. Lihat sahaja-lah bagaimana perubahan yang ditampikan oleh microsoft dalam memenuhi hati pengguna dulu dan sekarang, berikut screen shhot yang ditampilkan bermuala dari awal windos hinggalah sekarang.. :)

Realsed date: November 1985, Windows 1.0

Realsed date: November 1987, Windows 2.0

Realsed date: May 1990, Windows 3.0

Realsed date: March 1992, Windows 3.1

Realsed date: July 1993, Windows NT 3.1

Realsed date: August 24, 1995, Windows 95

Realsed date: July 29, 1996, Windows NT 4.0

Realsed date: March 18, 1998, Windows 98

Realsed date: February 17, 2000, Windows 2000

Realsed date: September 14, 2000, Windows ME (Millenium)

Realsed date: October 25, 2001, Windows XP

Realsed date: April 24, 2003, Windows Server 2003

Realsed date: January 2004, Windows XP Media Center

Realsed date: November 8, 2006, Windows Vista

Realsed date: February4, 2008, Windows Server 2008

Released date: September,2009, Windows 7 (Seven)

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Intel Sandy Bridge

Sandy Bridge adalah jembatan teknologi prosesor ke masa depan. Pantas saja jika kami sebut begitu. Pasalnya, Sandy Bridge adalah perubahan terbesar yang dilakukan Intel sejak era Pentium 4.Pada mikroarsitektur sebelumnya, Intel lebih banyak mengoptimasi kinerja tiap komponen, tanpa mengubah cara kerja komponen tersebut. Jika prosesor dianalogikan sebagai sebuah rumah, Intel cuma melakukan renovasi terhadap rumah tersebut. 

Namun di Sandy Bridge, Intel betul-betul membangun sebuah rumah baru. Seluruh komponen diperbarui, mulai dari branch predictor, out-of-order execution, sampai kerjamemory subsystem.Namun yang terpenting adalah Sandy Bridge adalah wujud sebenarnya dari fusion processor, alias prosesor yang menyatukan seluruh komponen prosesor ke dalam sekeping silikon.

Sebenarnya Intel sudah melakukan kebijakan integrasi ini sejak 2 tahun lalu. Pada generasi prosesor Bloomfield, mereka memasukkan memory controller. Pada Lynnfield, giliran PCI-Econtroller yang masuk. Puncaknya di era Clarkdale, ketika Intel chip grafis onboard.

Ada satu catatan penting dari seluruh proses tersebut: seluruh komponen sebenarnya masih terpisah dalam keping-keping silikon yang berbeda. Nah, hal itulah yang Intel rombak di Sandy Bridge. Seluruh komponen di dalam prosesor Sandy Bridge berada dalam sekeping silikon yang dibuat dengan fabrikasi 32nm.

Komponen di dalam prosesor ini sendiri kurang lebih sama seperti Nehalem. Yang pertama tentu saja inti prosesor. Pada Sandy Bridge generasi pertama ini jumlah inti masih 2 dan 4, namun akan disusul generasi berikutnya yang memiliki 6 dan 8 inti.

Masing-masing inti memiliki L2 cachesebesar 256KB. Kerja L2 cache dibantu dibantu cache level 3 (L3 cache) yang jumlahnya sama dengan inti dengan ukuran bervariasi antara 3-8MB, tergantung segmentasi. Sedangkan PCI Express, DMI, danmemory controller dan display interface berkumpul menjadi satu menjadi komponen yang disebut System Agent.

info dari http://www.infokomputer.com/hardware/preview-intel-sandy-bridge

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INTRODUCTION COMPUTER THREATS

The computer is a great tool to store important information. In certain cases, the information is very vital that losing it will harm the computer system.

Computer threats can come from many ways either from human or natural disasters. For example, when someone is stealing your account information from a trusted bank, this threat is considered as a human threat. However, when your computer is soaked in heavy rain, then that is a natural disaster threat.

MALICIOUS CODE
Malicious code is also known as a rogue program. It is a threat to computing assets by causing undesired effects in the programmer’s part. The effect is caused by an agent, with the intention to cause damage.

The agent for malicious code is the writer of the code, or any person who causes its distribution. There are various kinds of malicious code. They include virus, Trojan horse, logic door, trapdoor and backdoor, worm and many others.

a) VIRUS
• a program that can pass on the malicious code to other programs by modifying them
• attaches itself to the program, usually files with .doc, .xls and .exe extensions
• destroys or co-exists with the program
• can overtake the entire computing system and spread to other systems

b) TROJAN HORSE
• a program which can perform useful and unexpected action
• must be installed by users or intruders before it can affect the system’s assets
• an example of a Trojan horse is the login script that requests for users’ login ID and password
• the information is then used for malicious purposes
c) LOGIC BOMB
• logic bomb is a malicious code that goes off when a specific condition occurs.
• an example of a logic bomb is the time bomb
• it goes off and causes threats at a specified time or date

e) TRAPDOOR OR BACKDOOR
• a feature in a program that allows someone to access the program with special privileges

f) WORM
• a program that copies and spreads itself through a network

" Primary Differences Between Worms VS viruses "

Worm Virus
Operates through the network Spreads through any medium.
Spreads copies of itself as a standalone program Spreads copies of itself as a program that attaches to other programs

HACKER
Hacking is a source of threat to security in computer. It is defined as unauthorised access to the computer system by a hacker. Hackers are persons who learn about the computer system in detail. They write program referred to as hacks. Hackers may use a modem or cable to hack the targeted computers.

NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
Computers are also threatened by natural or environmental disaster. Be it at home, stores, offices and also automobiles.Examples of natural and environmental disasters:

1. Flood
2. Fire
3. Earthquakes, storms and tornados
4. Excessive Heat
5. Inadequate Power Supply

THEFT
Two types of computer theft:

1. Computer is used to steal money, goods, information and resources.
2. Stealing of computer, especially notebook and PDAs.

Three approaches to prevent theft:

1. prevent access by using locks, smart-card or password
2. prevent portability by restricting the hardware from being moved
3. detect and guard all exits and record any hardware transported

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